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摘要锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟角斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷展锟侥诧拷锟斤，锟斤拷锟戒本锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤境锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界。锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟筋并锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”(construct)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟捷斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷痰锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟节匡拷越锟斤拷同锟侥伙拷锟斤拷系之锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟窖撅拷锟斤拷为锟叫癸拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷一锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷诤锟斤拷丫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷目全锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟叫撅拷思路锟斤拷同时也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟斤拷惘★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿癸拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷始锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿界定锟斤拷群锟侥癸拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为一锟街碉拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷识锟斤拷态锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵拷锟斤拷锟绞碉拷锟斤拷希锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟斤拷统锟侥草革拷锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟角撅拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮潭锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�”之锟斤拷锟斤拷蕹锟斤拷锟�
锟截硷拷锟绞ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟� 锟侥伙拷 思锟斤拷史 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷学
锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”(popularreligion)锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟筋发源锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟揭猴拷锟斤拷史学锟揭的革拷锟届，锟斤拷锟斤拷驯锟斤拷锟斤拷目全锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫此革拷锟斤拷专指锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷俜锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟剿据达拷锟斤拷为锟藉、锟酵★拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷统锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷强锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟斤拷统锟斤拷同锟侥草革拷锟斤拷统(锟诫精英锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟饺等★拷锟斤拷锟节此ｏ拷锟斤拷锟侥斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟侥伙拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷峁︼拷锟街拷陆锟斤拷屑锟斤拷郑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟秸故凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷涠拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷芯锟侥Ｊ斤拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷猓币诧拷锟斤拷觳煌拷芯锟侥Ｊ�(锟斤拷锟揭ｏ拷锟斤拷帷拷锟接拷锟斤拷锟斤拷凇锟斤拷锟斤拷耄拷胤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵筹拷锟叫★拷锟酵筹拷锟斤拷谋锟斤拷锟酵筹拷锟斤拷莞锟斤拷锟酵�)锟斤拷锟斤拷之潜台锟绞ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮痰锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷统士锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚筹拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟津，碉拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟竭硷拷锟斤拷锟街达拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷然锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟节达拷统锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷校锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教撅拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷未锟矫癸拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诘锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷毡锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟侥撅拷夜锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(1873-1949)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟筋。锟届海锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蔚锟绞憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毡锟揭诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷锟铰凤拷锟斤拷锟脚巨变；锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷伪锟斤拷锟揭诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷铩ｏ拷锟斤拷遥锟斤拷锟�20锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拇堑锟斤拷懈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫伙拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟秸憋拷学锟竭ｏ拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷“锟斤拷洌拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”(popular/folk religion)锟斤拷锟筋，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟斤拷80锟斤拷锟斤拷院锟斤拷泄锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮痰锟斤拷锟斤拷郏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷曰锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟界，“popular/folk religion”也锟斤拷锟角达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的★拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”(popular religion)锟斤拷应“锟劫凤拷锟节斤拷”(official religion)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫不同锟斤拷锟阶诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷诤锟斤拷贫锟斤拷跃锟接拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鸾シ锟秸癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟杰★拷1757锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷(David Hume锟斤拷1711-1776)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷英”(vulgar/literate)锟斤拷锟街凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷然锟侥猴拷锟斤拷”(natural fears)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知识锟斤拷英锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷”(true religion)锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿碉拷·锟斤拷锟斤拷(Peter Brown)锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接碉拷“锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟睫凤拷锟斤拷证锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖撅拷英锟酵达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结构锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷然”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷系木锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺猴拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷帧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷巍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭碉拷锟斤拷源头锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯·韦锟斤拷锟矫癸拷锟杰讹拷剩锟斤拷锟斤拷纾�“Volksrehgwsitat”锟斤拷“Massenreltgwn”锟斤拷“Massenglaubens”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮蹋锟斤拷锟叫╋拷识锟斤拷芏锟接τ拷锟斤拷“popular religion”锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟筋将锟斤拷锟斤拷诮毯锟斤拷囟锟斤拷摹锟斤拷诰锟斤拷煤锟斤拷锟斤拷峁癸拷写锟斤拷锟斤拷路锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟揭伙拷稹５锟斤拷牵锟轿わ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴拷锟斤拷锟绞肥币诧拷锟剿硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷囟锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷拢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺拷撞锟斤拷锟矫伙拷锌锟斤拷芎锟�“锟劫凤拷锟节斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷一锟金。诧拷锟较讹拷(Pierre Bourdieu)锟斤拷为锟斤拷只要一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷权锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟叫达拷锟节憋拷支锟斤拷牡锟轿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷突岜伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥э拷锟街拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷权锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟叫帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥斤拷色锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”(popular religion)一锟绞的筹拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷统锟轿阶硷拷锟斤拷一锟街筹拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉。锟缴硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷始锟酵革拷锟斤拷群锟界定锟斤拷系锟斤拷一锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟揭诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷萁锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷诠诺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟教╋拷锟�(Edward B.Tylor锟斤拷1832-1917)锟侥★拷原始锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1871锟疥）锟酵革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(James G.Frazer锟斤拷1854-1941)锟侥★拷锟斤拷枝锟斤拷锟斤拷1890锟疥）锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原始锟侥伙拷锟斤拷为同锟洁。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷禄士锟斤拷(Henri Doré锟斤拷1859-1931)锟斤拷1912锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷荨锟�(Researches into Chinese Superstition)锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”(superstitions)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1915锟疥，韦锟斤拷锟节★拷锟叫癸拷锟节教★拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷液偷锟斤拷蹋锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟叫诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较帮拷住锟斤拷锟叫╋拷鄣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷艿锟斤拷斯诺锟斤拷诮锟窖э拷锟接帮拷欤拷锟轿拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷贫然锟斤拷锟斤拷诮滩锟斤拷艿锟酵拷锟街拷锟斤拷锟斤拷沤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟饺癸拷为同锟洁。
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”(sectarianism)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷印锟结华锟剿硷拷锟斤拷锟窖伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷椋╋拷诺锟�(Gustave Schlegel锟斤拷1840-1903)锟斤拷1866锟斤拷写锟缴★拷锟斤拷鼗幔猴拷泄锟斤拷锟接★拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷芑锟斤拷纭凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”(secret society)锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟皆硷拷锟叫撅拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷1886锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(D.H.Pirter)锟侥★拷山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟缴★拷锟酵帮拷约瑟(Joseph Edkins)锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥斤拷锟缴★拷锟斤拷原锟饺憋拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芙锟斤拷牛锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮袒锟斤拷呓锟斤拷桑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较就改憋拷锟斤拷之前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉、锟酵★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓鄣恪�1903锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷(J.J.M.de Groot锟斤拷1854-1921)锟斤拷伞锟斤拷泄锟斤拷慕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷群锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭诧拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷”(sectarianism)锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”一锟绞碉拷频锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷鄄锟斤拷锟斤拷丫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原始锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟筋动锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷喂锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟绞硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鄣悖拷锟斤拷锟斤拷强锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟街对匡拷锟斤拷统锟斤拷权锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷努锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街匡拷锟斤拷拢锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟姐被锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷为一锟街次硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷睿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷踊锟斤拷锟斤拷诤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷薹锟斤拷锟斤拷浔撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷稀锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷目前锟叫撅拷锟叫癸拷史锟斤拷学锟竭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟轿达拷为锟界，前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔碉拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋、锟侥伙拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫、锟斤拷锟届、占锟斤拷锟饺等ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶等等ｏ拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷思维锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酃锟斤拷喜憬拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷纬锟轿拷锟侥筹拷突锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿癸拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷为一锟斤拷锟叫撅拷模式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷强锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥阶硷拷锟斤拷锟皆★拷20锟斤拷锟斤拷40锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷俳萁锟斤拷锟侥憋拷之前锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟剿碉拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿拷濉拷汀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诘锟斤拷锟斤拷煞郑锟斤拷锟轿帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷盏牟锟轿猴拷锟斤拷知识锟竭的诧拷巍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詹锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟节教筹拷之为“锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟�”锟斤拷1956锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟阶碉拷锟�(Robert Redfield)锟节★拷农锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷统”锟斤拷“小锟斤拷统”锟侥革拷锟筋，一时锟斤拷为学锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟结构锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷知识锟斤拷英锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为“锟斤拷统”锟斤拷锟缴革拷锟侥伙拷锟叫撅拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞讹拷锟斤拷写锟斤拷械锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟酵筹拷锟斤拷锟�“小锟斤拷统”锟斤拷锟角达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵拷锟斤拷懿锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷哟锟酵撑┮碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶诧拷——“锟斤拷英”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷“统锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷统锟斤拷”——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴的癸拷锟筋，锟斤拷痰锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟�1961锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(1911-1999)锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为“锟狡度伙拷锟节斤拷”(Institutional religion)锟斤拷“锟秸伙拷锟节斤拷”(Diffused religion)锟斤拷锟街★拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷琛�
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