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摘 要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟绞憋拷冢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷摇锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶碉拷学说一同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟缴匡拷锟斤拷始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥╅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鄱锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷远锟斤拷影锟届，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷椎锟斤拷锟斤拷夥拷锟斤拷舜臃锟斤拷椎锟斤拷锟斤拷椎锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶拷汀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿妒垦伙拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟侥╅锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷末楠癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶★拷锟斤拷锟酵诧拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡迪讹拷锟斤拷锟阶的讹拷锟斤拷锟窖撅拷锟斤拷锟剿帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷秃锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷缍拷锟斤拷椎拇锟斤拷臁拷锟斤拷煤痛锟斤拷械然锟斤拷锟斤拷夂拷锟�
锟截硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠ｏ拷锟斤拷锟阶ｏ拷锟斤拷锟酵ｏ拷锟狡迪ｏ拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟竭硷拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷学院锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷100875)锟斤拷
锟斤拷目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷苹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥�“锟斤拷平锟洁京锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞达拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷芯锟�(1937-1949)”(锟斤拷目锟斤拷锟�:14BZW153)锟阶讹拷锟皆成癸拷
一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系
锟斤拷锟斤拷1922锟疥，锟洁京锟斤拷学(锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷瞬锟斤拷锟绞�(John.S.Burgess,1883-1949)锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟轿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷目纬锟斤拷约锟斤拷芯锟斤拷晒锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟捷诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节教凤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟皆撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮谭锟斤拷锟斤拷缘锟斤拷氐锟�”锟斤拷1924锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴伙拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷取锟斤拷学锟斤拷士学位锟斤拷28锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟疥，锟节甘诧拷(Sidney.D.Gamble,1890-1968)锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟轿教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1926锟斤拷1933锟斤拷锟斤拷胃锟较迪碉拷锟斤拷危锟斤拷锟斤拷嗑╋拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷一位锟叫癸拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟轿★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一时锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(1901-1985)锟斤拷锟阶斤拷锟斤拷(1905-2011)锟斤拷锟筋开锟斤拷(1899-1981)锟斤拷锟筋景锟斤拷(1895-1986)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚匡拷锟斤拷锟阶纷硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟筋安宅(1900-1985)锟斤拷锟皆筹拷锟斤拷(1907-1959)锟斤拷锟较撅拷耀(1905-1976)锟斤拷锟节革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭诧拷追谆锟侥感ｏ拷谓獭锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节间，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷确锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋，确锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟叫癸拷锟斤拷学锟狡斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷悖拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷钥纬蹋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟轿筹拷锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷选锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷锟斤拷郏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷实锟绞斤拷系锟窖э拷锟铰凤拷锟斤拷锟�1927锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街达拷锟斤拷锟剿★拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷纭凤拷昕拷锟�1928锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷褰拷锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1928-1929学锟斤拷龋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷目纬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷椋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷应锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟今，革拷系学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也跃锟斤拷全校锟节讹拷锟斤拷选锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷纬痰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�604锟剿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�78锟剿★拷锟斤拷1932锟疥，锟斤拷锟窖碉拷谋锟揭碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷丫锟斤拷锟斤拷嗑╋拷锟窖э拷锟较抵拷凇锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系时锟节的匡拷学锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷“锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷”位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿口★拷锟斤拷锟斤、锟酵癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷濉拷锟斤拷思锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟斤拷庭状锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷状锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷硕锟阶达拷锟斤拷锟绞拷锟斤拷芯锟街拷住锟�1927锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡的憋拷锟狡憋拷业锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟角★拷锟杰达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷卓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿拷思锟角匡拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟饺わ拷锟斤拷锟皆革拷锟斤拷锟�1931锟疥开始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟疥级锟斤拷施锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟剿碉拷师锟斤拷”锟斤拷每锟剿匡拷选专锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系指锟斤拷锟斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷选锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷专锟斤拷锟斤拷师锟斤拷之锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫磋。
锟斤拷锟斤拷1933锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷耄拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呔锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥达拷锟届，锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷之锟解，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟皆硷拷锟叫撅拷锟截憋拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“注锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷某锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟剿★拷1934-1935学锟斤拷龋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴�(1894-1941)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷史”锟斤拷1936锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷伲锟斤拷锟窖凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚猴拷锟�(1901-1972)锟斤拷锟轿★拷1937锟疥春锟斤拷锟脚猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街帮拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷猿锟斤拷糯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷欤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉复锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷1937锟疥，锟斤拷锟�(1901-1998)锟斤拷始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷”锟斤拷1938锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰猴拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆筹拷锟脚达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摇锟斤拷频锟�(1910-?)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截憋拷平锟斤拷同锟疥，锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷硕锟斤拷锟轿�“锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷(前锟剿家达拷)锟叫撅拷锟斤拷直锟斤拷1941锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷录锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1946锟疥，锟洁京锟斤拷学锟斤拷校锟斤拷平锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷迅锟斤拷锟街革拷展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷耀锟斤拷(1910-2000)也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷革拷愫讹拷锟斤拷统锟狡ｏ拷1927锟斤拷1933锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷87篇锟斤拷业锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学8篇锟斤拷约占锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷9.2%锟斤拷锟斤拷孝通(1910-2005)锟侥★拷锟斤拷迎锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰伙拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟缴ワ拷锟斤拷锟街拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1933锟疥。1932锟疥，锟斤拷锟矫革拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷50锟斤拷锟剿凤拷谈锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷媳锟斤拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷媳之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷细锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1934锟疥，锟洁京锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶碉拷学士锟斤拷锟侥筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷小锟竭峰，锟斤拷锟斤拷5篇锟斤拷锟街憋拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟较憋拷锟侥★拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟叫撅拷锟侥凤拷展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟侥★拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷诠锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷史锟捷变》锟斤拷陆懿薇锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诜锟斤拷椎锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟叫癸拷杀婴锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷志锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟斤拷平印锟斤拷钱之锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1935锟斤拷谋锟揭碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷校锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街拷猓拷锟窖╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷祝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷椎锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷校锟斤拷锟叫⑼拷锟斤拷禄锟斤拷濉拷锟斤拷媳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷獭锟斤拷锟窖╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟街革拷锟斤拷锟绞︼拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷澹拷锟斤拷突锟斤拷锟铰杰厕憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷说锟街革拷锟斤拷锟绞︼拷锟斤拷羁拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟�?锟斤拷没氐锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟节匡拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟教筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟酵筹拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟剿讹拷锟侥凤拷展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷1906锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽olkways一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟�(William G.Sumner锟斤拷1840-1910)锟斤拷锟街帮拷锟斤拷锟剿撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截的关硷拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷时锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚教会背锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷碉拷锟解籍锟斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界步锟斤拷时锟斤拷锟绞诧拷锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷执锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷慕锟绞︼拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷澹拷锟叫╋拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟趴锟斤拷锟斤拷诰锟斤拷锟斤拷叱锟饺ワ拷锟酵憋拷锟揭诧拷锟绞逼革拷锟脚凤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟绞︼拷锟斤拷锟酵拷诠锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷亩锟斤拷锟剿硷拷搿⒀э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偶锟绞憋拷锟斤拷惴猴拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解，锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟侥斤拷学水准锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷巍锟斤拷锟斤拷戮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟叫ｏ拷始锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺碉拷位锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷时锟酵甘诧拷锟侥癸拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟节碉拷师锟斤拷锟角讹拷1914锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”(Springfield Survey)锟斤拷锟斤拷陌锟斤拷锟斤拷1918锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷时一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷时锟斤拷锟角憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟铰甘诧拷锟酵诧拷锟斤拷时锟杰达拷野锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟接帮拷欤拷锟秸癸拷硕员锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷椋拷锟缴癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷椤凤拷锟�1932锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷迎锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芝锟接革拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷煽锟�(Robert.E.Park锟斤拷1864-1944)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷煽私锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿谎�(Human Ecology)系统锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁当锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位学锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷铮拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿的癸拷系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷系)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷丶锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟角匡拷锟绞碉拷毓鄄臁拷锟教革拷锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿谎б诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞凤拷锟斤拷锟揭帮拷锟�1935锟斤拷10锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷时锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷(Alfred Radcliffe-Brown锟斤拷1881-1955)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖б伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拢锟较低筹拷亟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡拷锟斤拷诔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷冉锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷1936锟斤拷锟斤，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷歇锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟侥伙拷锟斤拷(Leslie Alvin White锟斤拷1900-1975)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔ｏ拷锟铰癸拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷魏锟截凤拷(K.A.Wittfogel锟斤拷1896-1988)也锟节达拷时锟斤拷聘前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街革拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟�1947锟疥，锟缴克碉拷女锟斤拷锟斤拷时锟斤拷芝锟接革拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡碉拷(Robert Redfield锟斤拷1897-1958)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟酵拷锟斤拷锟侥╋拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷未锟斤拷锟斤拷却锟皆帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷约锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿广泛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟竭★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷爰帮拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟�(锟街憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷木讷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟缴碉拷)锟斤拷1863锟斤拷锟揭碉拷锟揭筹拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摺锟斤拷鹿锟斤拷锟酵拷锟斤拷锟接拷锟脚ｏ拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1866锟斤拷氐锟揭筹拷锟窖э拷谓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷希锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟侥斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡和诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷约锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷取锟斤拷诩洌拷锟侥╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1869锟斤拷1872锟斤拷锟斤拷职锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷师锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠筹拷锟节达拷锟筋，锟斤拷锟斤拷学时锟斤拷每锟轿憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角伙拷胜锟竭★拷锟节斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节达拷锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界将锟斤拷纽约时锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟矫斤拷学锟斤拷锟较的斤拷锟斤拷之一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟酵拷碌暮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷俳锟斤拷锟叫э拷锟窖帮拷锟�1876锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷耶鲁锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷纬蹋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟侥碉拷一锟剿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟矫持斤拷锟斤拷锟桔观碉拷锟接拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷锟剿癸拷锟斤拷锟�(Herbert Spencer锟斤拷1820-1903)锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟窖э拷芯锟斤拷锟�(Study of Sociology)锟斤拷为锟教材★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷耶鲁锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟襟波ｏ拷锟斤拷然锟铰讹拷锟斤拷锟秸碉拷锟斤拷平息锟斤拷却使锟斤拷末楠硷拷锟斤拷锟诫开耶鲁锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠诧拷学锟斤拷牛锟斤拷锟酵ㄓ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷隆锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷榷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷浴锟斤拷锟�45锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摹锟脚诧拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟侥和诧拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟姐泛锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠ｏ拷锟斤拷锟节笔记ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷专锟脚癸拷锟斤拷一位锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷约锟斤拷锟铰硷拷锟斤拷锟绞记★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟叫达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷堑亩锟斤拷榭ㄆ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞拷锟斤拷洌际拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拧锟斤拷锟叫╋拷锟斤拷强锟狡匡拷懦锟斤拷舜锟诫，锟斤拷锟侥达拷耄拷锟斤拷锟斤拷莶锟酵拷锟斤拷锟缴拷斜穑捍锟斤拷锟斤拷铣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拢锟斤拷前卓锟狡拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷呛炜ㄆ拷锟斤拷锟侥╋拷锟皆硷拷锟侥观诧拷锟斤拷锟桔断ｏ拷锟斤拷锟教匡拷片锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰的革拷目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角黄匡拷片锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷片锟斤拷锟斤拷末楠憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷惜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟疥，锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟节居硷拷失锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸碉拷锟皆硷拷锟侥凤拷锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷锟酵帮拷一锟斤拷一锟斤拷目锟狡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰ワ拷系锟斤拷榉匡拷岬斤拷锟铰ワ拷碌暮锟皆猴拷小锟斤拷诨锟较ㄖ拷锟矫伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷侔锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟街伙拷霉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷帷ｏ拷锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷哟锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟捷匡拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较的诧拷洽锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟侥筹拷锟斤拷锟矫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
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